Apparatus for spinning pipe



Aug. 8, 1950 A. L. sToNE 2,518,398Y

. I APPARATUS FOR SPINNING PIPE Filed Aug. 22, y1946 2 Sheet's-Sheet l JM IAWENTOR.V

2m 'Mm ATTOBIEX.

Aug. 8, 1950 A. L.. STONE 2,518,398

APPARATUS PoR SPINNING PIPE Filed Aug. 22, 1.946 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 MHINNIU 99k .6 .a

um v' y v f 20 ATTORNEY.

F IG. 8.

ZZmfOJ/zef. INVENToR.

Patented Aug. 8, 1 950 Albert L. Stone,

signoa'by mesne assignments, to.

Palos Verdes Estates, IGaIiL, as-

Stand'ard Oil'- Develupment IGompany, Elizabeth, N. J., la corporation' of Delaware Application. AlugustA 22, 1946,) Serial No.. 6923203 The present invention is directed to a device forrotating an elongated lbody. In its more speci'iic` aspects,` the present invention isdirected to a deviceffor'rotating a body having a cylindrical surface such asa stand of pipe with the axis of thejbody vertical and the-body supported and rotated simultaneously by the aforesaid device.

In somev conrlrnercial operations it is desirable to provide a deviceA capable forrotating'an elongated body through a number of revolutions. As Van example of, such an operation may be mentioned the withdrawal of drill stem-from a bor-ee hole andthe running of drill' stem into a borehole where a completed string of pipe of many thousands of feet inv length is toy be assembled by securing` together relatively short lengths of pipe through screw thread' connections.y It is convenf tionalipractice at the' present time when4 with drawing drill pipe from the borehole to discontnect 'portions thereof, commonly designated as stands, asthe drill stem is Withdrawn from the yborehole to expose a stand at the surface of the hole which i'sA then removed.. 'IheL urlscrewin-gl of pipe exposed at the surface from the' remainder of the drill stem is commonly accomplished by .the use of tongs to break the jointV and subsequently the use of'aropel or chain wrapped around the pipe to spin the pipe an'ddisconnect the screw joint. Similarly, in making upthe jjont is com.- mon practiceto spin K means ofa rope or chain andi then make the joint tight with tongs.

vvIn the: method of. handlingpfipe,v disclosed' in my copending application entitled Method for, Stacking, DrillA Pi'pej"v `Serial No. 690,944, filed August. 16',Y1946;`the stands of drill pipe being disconnected from the drill. stern are. raised by aorcfe supplied to the lower end of the drill stein. until thepi'n thread of the stand clears the box thread at the top ofthe drill stem, the disrtconneotedstand then moved." over from the center uofthel derriclrt'o leave a. clearl path for the travel'n blocks and the. weight of' .the disconnected Vstanclthen supported by elevators attachedv to thel 'top of, the stand. In' carrying out this procedure, it-'is convenient to provide a means capable of spinning the stand of drill pipe being disconnected and valso capable o-f'supporti'ngthe weight l of` thedisconnected standl of pipe at itslower'end'.

Itis anobject of the` present invention to devise a means adapted to be engaged with and to be disengaged from an elongated cylindrical'V body 'andpwhich vis capableA of applying. a rotational foroe'to the body. f d l Y "Another object of the present invention isA to the" standV being added oy 2 devise a means adapted to he engaged? with an elongated cylindrical body having its axis vertical, to rotate the body and to support the weight of the body. *f

Another object of. the present invention is, to devise'a means hav-ing a rotatable annulus: inseg.. mental form which annulusl may be secured around a cylindrical body and released from a cylindrical body with means for appl-ying' a rotar tional force through the annulustothe bodyk and means for supportingl the weight of the body through the annulus.

Still another object of the present invention is todevise anv apparatus having' a segment-'al annulus adapted to embrace a cylindrical bodyand to bel disengaged from thel cylindrical body and arranged to rotate the cylindrical body througha cycle ofpredetermined length and including more than afull revolution. l

Thedevice of' the present invention mayI be described briefly asl involving a split annui-us arranged in jaws'whioh may be operated to: position a length of pipe within the annulus and which may be closed whereby the pipeis engaged with the annulus forrotation therew-ih'; a prime mover is arranged for rotating the annulus through'acycle including more than s complete revolution and vmean-sA are provided for stopping the annulus at exactly they sain-o posi tion in the jaws when the cycle is completed. This portion of' the device will be` l'lereinaiterreJ ferred to as the spinner element. The device of thepresent invention also includes a hinged' arm arranged for supporting the spinner whereby it may be' given movement horiaontallyand a column supporting a hingedarm whereby the and spinner may be moved vertically.

The invention of the present application will novi,rl be described in greater detailv in conjunction with the drawingin Which- Fig. 1 is a top plan of any embodiment of the present invention; l

Fig` 2 is a view taken along line 11E- II of Fig. l;

Fig. 3 is a view taken along line III-III of Fig. l; f

Fig. t is a view taken along line W-IV of Fig. 1; V

Fig; 5r is an elevation4 of a portion of the ernbodiment of Figs; I to 5;

Fig. 6 is another embodiment of means for holding pipe which may be substituted for the corresponding portion oi the assembly shown in Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive;

Fig. 7 is a View taken along line VIL-VII ofV Fig. 6:

Fig. 8 is a view taken along line VIII-VIII of Fig. 6;

Fig. 9 is a fragmentary view showing another embodiment of the annulus and slip arrangement suitable for use in the spinner; and

Fig. is a fragmentary view showing in greater detail a portion of the apparatus ofFig. 9.

Turning now specifically to the `drawing and first to the embodiment of Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, an

arm A is hinged to arm B through a suitable hinge joint C and the arm B in turn is secured to column D.

Arm A carries mechanism for gripping a cylindrical body such as a stand of pipe ina derrick with its axis vertical and for rotating the pipe through a cycle of predetermined length and for releasing said pipe. The hinged joint C allows the arm members A and B to be lengthened or shortened as desired. Column Dl is variable as to length and also allows the arm B to be swung horizontally if desired.

Taking up nrst arm A, it will be seen that structural member II has one end secured to hinge C and the other end dening a portion of a jaw or clamp. The other portion of the jaw is dened by member I2 which is secured to member il by pin I3.

Members II and I2 cooperate to denne a mounting means for a split annulus or ring consisting of halves I4 and I5. The halves 4 and `I5 are provided with a lining 9 which is formed of an elastic material, such as rubber, and is adapted to grasp a joint ofpipe embraced by the split ring. Halves I4 and I5 and lining 9 are of such dimensions that when the two halves form a ring the lining will grip a joint of pipe with suicient friction to hold the weight of the pipe. At the same time the lining is sufciently free so that when a joint of pipe is being Aconnected and is made up, continued rotation of the split ring will cause lining 9 to slip and allow the split ring to rotate with respect to the joint of pipe.

When the two halves I4 and I5 are placed. to-

gether to form a ring, the outer surface thereof g denes an upper screw thread I6 terminating at its upper end in shoulder I'I and a lower screw thread I8 terminating at its lower end in shoulder I9. By the screw threads. I6 and I8` the two. members i 4 and I5 dene a gear 20. When members II and l2 are clamped together they similarly denne an upper thread cooperating with screw thread I6 and a lower thread cooperating `with screw thread I8.

' A .hole is drilled in member I4 arranged for receiving a pin 2| and a similar hole is drilled in member I5 and arranged to receive a pin 22. It will be seen that the pins ZI and 22 are parallel to the axis defined by the split ring member consisting of halves I4 and I5. `Pins 2l and 22; are `slightly longer than are the members I4 and I5 and are engaged in a circular groove 23 dened by members II and I2 and a lower groove 274 similarly. defined by members II and i2. A stop member 25 is secured to arm A for engagement with shoulder il of the split ring when the split ring is in its uppermost position and a stop 26 for engaging with shoulder I9 when the split ring is in its lowermost position.

It will be evident that stop members 25 and 26 cooperate with screw thread It to define the limits of rotation of the split ring. Stop 25 insures that when the split ring is in its upper'- most; position portion i4 is o embraced within member II and portion I5 is embraced within 4 member I2. Inasmuch as the shoulders 25 and 26 cooperating with shoulders I'I and I9 of the screw threads insure that the halves will stop as described heretofore, pin 2| will always be within the portions of grooves 23 and 24 defined by member II and pin 22 will be within the portions of grooves 23 and 24 denedgby member I2 when the split ring is either in its uppermost or lowermost position.

vJaw member I2 is arranged to pivot on pin I3 after the split ring consisting of members I4 andl l5 has been rotated until it reaches the limitation of travel, that is after rotating in one direction until shoulder Il strikes shoulder 25 or 'after rotating in the other direction until shoulder Ig'strikes shoulder 26. In either of these positions two halves of the split ring will be exactly within members II and I2 and jaw I2 may then be pivoted open on pin IS without exposure of thread I6 and when the jaw member 'l2 is returned toits closed position the two halves I4 and kI5 will occupy the same position they were in before the jaw member was opened.

It will be understood that the means for rotating the split ring may be any suitable prime mover. In `the drawing a prime mover is indicated by a showing of housing `2I secured to arm member Ii with a drive shaft 28 projecting from the housing. In order to simplify the description, the prime mover is indicated only schematically. Shaft 28 is supported by bearings 29 and 30 and hasa gear 3l mounted thereon for yrotation therewith. Also carried Vby arm member A is a shaft 32 having'i'ts axis of rotation parallel with that of shaft 28 and also with the axis of rotation of the split ring consisting of members I4 and I5. Shaft 32 is journaled to member i I by bearings33 and 34 and has mounted thereon a gear 35 arranged'to mesh with gear 3| kand with gear 2Q whereby vpower is transmitted from gear 3I to the split ring member. It will be noted that the teeth of gear 35 are considerably longer than the vteeth of gear 20 thereby allowing gear 2 0 to bemoved longitudinally with respectrto gear 35 while maintaining the two gears in engagement. o. In other words, the rotation of the split ring causes longitudinal as well as rotational movement to be imparted to the split ring but upon su'ch ,longitudinal movement the teeth of gear 2G rslidealong the teeth of gear .35 insuring that power is continuously transmitted to the splitV ring element as it moves 1ongitudinally.

Releasable locking means for maintaining member I2 in position with its free endin contact with member II', thereby clamping split ring members I 4 and I5 rmly in position, is provided by extension 37 defining a cam surface 38 adapted to cooperate with a similar surface dened by wedge member 3.9'. A hydraulic cylinder is mounted'onmember AI Iv and has slidablymounted therein a piston 4I' attached to piston rod 42 which in turn is secured bysuitablemeans, such vas pin'43 to wedge'member 39. At the end of cylinder is arranged an annulus 44 which embraces the piston rod and serves as a retainery for spring 45 carried by the piston rod. It will be seen that cylinder 40 and piston 4I' cooperate to define a chamber having an inlet 46 which may be connected to avsuitablefsource' of hydraulic iiuid under Y pressure, not shown.

l Jaw irrt-mber` I 2 kmay befclamped tightly in position by imposing a desired hydraulic pressure against piston 4I by applying the pressure amores through inlet d'6.. The .application of 'pressure in thisv manner forces wedge member .39 .tightly against .surface .3.8 for memberv i112 and lthereby clamps the .free end of Lthis member tightly against member :1.1. When it Ais .desired to release member i2 this be done by releasing pressure at inlet Mi which .in .turn allows spring '45 to return 4.the piston H Itoward inlet Mi and Vwithdraw wedge member -359 tout "of Contact with surface 3.8.

When engaging the spinner with a join-t of :pipe it is necessary to close jaw member :l2 manually before it is locked in place 'by wedge :member 39:; similarly, `when `opening 'jaw member .I2 it is necessary rst to nnlock it :by Vwithdraw-- ing wedge member 319 from :contact with .sur- 'face f38 and then open the vjaw manually. For

` convenience in this .manual nperation, jaw I2 .is

provided with .a handle. vi! which may be grasped by .an operator 'in carrying vout the opening or closing operation.

Arm B consists of .a laterally extending member 50 which .in Vturn has one end secured to hinge joint C and the :other lsecured to column D.. Hinge joint C consists of a tubular `member .5.I having its lower end secured K4to member `5l! of Varm B. :Bearing members 52 and 53 are mounted on member '-54 and are retained iin position by retaining rings 54 `and 55,y respectively. A tubular member 56 is mounted for .rotation about a vertical axis on bearings -52 fand 53 `and in turn has member I-l' oi armAsecured thereto. Tubular member 5| is surmounted by fa cap member 51.

.Column D consists roi an inner tubular .member 6- .having its lower end attached .to a base 5J and dening a shoulder 62 on its upper end. Slidably mounted on .member 60 is tubular member G3 with its upper end closed by cap 54. It will be seen that the inner surface `of member 63 has slightly larger diameter .than the outer surface vof member Ell, thereby .defining an annular space between the two members. Member 63 defines a shoulder B5 .on 4the .lower end thereof; shoulders 65 .and .A62 define bearing spaces maintaining members (6D and 5.3 concentric. A sealing or packing device 66 .is mounted on member Sil and a similar sealing device 61 is mounted on 'member '63. An inlet line 58 is Vattached to member '53 limmediately below .sealing member '61 and discharges into the space .between members i66 and '61 which is dened under pressure through inlet line 6.8 into the]5 .space defined between sealing rneans 66 vand 61f .heretofore described, the outer tubular .member 3 carry-ing members A, B and C may be forced upwardly and 'by releasing the pressure through inlet line '68 the weight of members A, B and C allows the assembly to move 4downwardly with respect :to member 6b.

It will be `seen that member 6D is provided with a circular shoulder `69 which serves to limit the downward movement of 'tubular vmember 53. YIt will rbe apparent that the Vertical movement of member 63 with respect to member G will be limited either by the distance separating seal 61 and shoulder 52 or seal 5E and shoulder 65 depending on which distance is the smallest. It will be evident that tubular member 53 is freely rotatable about piston '50, thereby Aallowing arm B tov move angularly in any desired direction relative to base 6`I.

- As heretofore stated, Figs. l to i5, inclusive,

disclose an embodiment wherein lining B provides thesurface to be contacted with the outside circumference oi a length l'of pipe :during lthe spinning operation. v'This lining :must :engage sumciently tightly Vwith the .surface of the pipe .to allow the :pipe to be spun when `.disconnecting the screw threads connecting the join-t with another. It is also sdesirable for member 9 to exert suiiici'ent friction contactwith a joint of pipe that the point .may be supported from the assembly and swung over from the center of the borehole to one side thereof.

Another embodimentA of a means for engaging with the v.joint :of pipe for .spinning it and lifting it which may be substituted :for that portion of the `device set out :in Figs. l to `5, inclus-ive, isset out in Figs 6, il and 8. in this embodiment members 'i4 and .15 cooperate to form a split ring Vor annul-us corresponding to that formed by members i4 yand :l5 of the Vembodiment of Figs.. 1 to 5. The ,split ring, consisting Aof members 'M and 1:5, :defines an upper screw Lthread E6 terminating .at its upper end in a shoulder Il and a lower screw thread t8 terminating at its lower rend Vin a shoulder, :not shown. .Between screw threads i5 and i, the two members 'hi and 15 define a gear .2-0. Member 'i4 is provided with a passage .tor receiving a pin Y2l' and .member 1,5 is provided 'with a :similar passage for receiving a pin which has been omitted from the drawing for purposes of showing the passage .moreclearlyi 'Thescrew threads 1146 and 1:8, gear 2Q and rodi correspond .exactly to that of the .embodiment -of Fig-s. l to 5 and will `not be described further.

The inner surface of the vsplit ring consisting of members i4 .and i5 defines :a tapered seat 16 arranged for .supporting slip members il :and 18. It will be seen that slip members "H `and t8 define shoulders .89 projecting radially foutwardly, said shoulders slitting within grooves dened by 4members 14 and .15 whereby relative rotary movement between the .slip members and the split ring is prevented. Members 'M TF5 also define an inwardly `:extending ledge il@ which limits the upward movement of slip .members 'll and 1.8 with respect to .the split ring. Adjacent the tapered `seat the slip `members denne openings .for receiving springs I9 and 88..

Springs 19 .serve to raise .sl-ip members li and IBaway from tapered seat .'16 as soon as jaw i2 is opened. 'They also serve to lift the .slip members away from the taperedseat when jaw .t2 is in closed position when the pipe .embraced by the slips is raised with .respect to .arm l-'l .or when arm i l is lowered with respect .to the pipe. With this arrangement, Vif .the thread of the length of pipe being made up in the spinning operation strikes the shoulder vbefore the .split 'ring has gone through its complete cycle, the tapered seat '.'6 maybe lowered, as by allowing column vD to lowery and` the slips are .moved .away vfrom the tapered seat by the springs. The slips cannot turn with respect to the tapered seat but are loose "or free to 'turn with respect to the pipe so that if the thread ofthe pipe 'being made up shoulders before the indexing .means has .gone through its cycle, the split ring may be released from the pipe by moving the .tapered seat downwardly whereby the split ring .is free to turn runtil it y has gone. through its predetermined cycle. When Ithe split ring is at rest and jaw .i2 is open, springs 'i9 move the slips into contact withledge Si! and springs '8'0 move 'the slips .until they strike stops 89. When the device embraces a. length of pipe, the slips contact therewith because they are tilted toward the pipe and because of protruding friction memberl. After jaw I2 has been closed and the pipe moves` down with respect to tapered seat '16,.the slips are carried downwardly and member 8I is deformed until metal to metal contact is made between the slips and the pipe isseated on tapered seat 16. L

When disconnecting joints of pipe, the pipe being rotated does not come into contact with a shoulder and, accordingly, the device spins the pipe until it has gone through its predetermined cycle.

A fragmentary view of another embodiment of a device for contacting the pipe to be spun which may be substituted for corresponding members is shownin Figs. 9 and 10. In Figs. 9 and 10 a member 84 is shown. It will be understood that this member corresponds to members I4 and another member, not shown, similar thereto cooperates therewith to make a complete split ring or annulus. Member 84 diiiers from member Iii in the manner provided for securing the split ring in position in the mounting means consisting of arm II and jaw I2; whereas the embodiments previously described retain the split ring in position by rods tting into circular grooves dened in members II and I 2, the embodiment of Figs. 9 and 10 retain the split ring member in position'by means of dove-tail-shaped threads. In Fig. 9 member 84 is provided with upper screw threads 86 and lower screw threads 88; these screw threads correspond to threads I6 and I8 of the previously described members except that the threads are dove-tail in section rather than rectangular in section as in the previously described embodiments. It is understood that the upper end of thread 88 terminates in a shoulder, not shown, similar to shoulder Ii with which thread I6 terminates and 88 terminates in a lower shoulder, not shown, similar to shoulder I9 with which thread I8 terminates. Member 84 denes a seat I6 corresponding to the seat 'I6` of the embodiments shown in Figs. 6, 7, and 8 for receiving a slip member, not shown. It will be seen that in the embodiment of Figs. 9 and 10 the threads deiined by memberv I I, a portion of which is shown, are dove-tailed to cooperate with the dovetailed threads 86 and 88; it will be evident that in this embodiment the threads defined by mem= ber I2, not shown, rmust also be dove-tailed to cooperate with threads 86 and 88.

The device disclosed in the present application handling pipe in conis particularly adapted for necting and disconnecting the lengths of pipes by screw threads. An example of such operation is the making up o f drill stem of casing' to be lowered into the hole and stem from the borehole. The device disclosed herein is capable of engaging with a stand of pipe having its axisv vertical and when so engaged may move the .pipe vertically. It will also be seen that the device disclosed is capable of retaining a length `of pipe with its axis vertical and of moving the pipe vertically and horizontally while so retained with said movements being made simultaneously or in sequence therewith. 'Ihe device is further capable of grasping pipe and of pushing it vertically and horizontally and rotating the pipe with the horizontal, ver-l tical and rotational movements being given the pipe either simultaneously or in any desired sequence. Y

that thread the removal' of drill 'The device of'the present invention is par` ticularly adapted for grasping a stand of pipe to be removed from a drill stem, for spinning the pipe to disengage-it from the threaded connection, attaching it to the remainder of the drill stem, for lifting the pipe so that the threads of the pipe clear those of the drill stem and then moving the'pipe away from the center line of the derrick. To conduct such an operation, if

i member I2 is not open it may be released by releasing the pressure in cylinder 48 whereby spring 45 moves wedge member 39 away from surface 38 thereby allowing member I2 to be swung open. Members I4 and I5 may then be engaged on the drill stem and member I2 closed by imposing a pressure in cylinder Q9 through inlet 45. This clamps the split ring consisting of members I4 and I6 tightly together. The split ring with the pipe engaged therein is then rotatedV by prime mover 21. When disengaging pipe the split ring member, consisting of portions Ili and I5, is in its lowermost position with shoulder I9 abutting against member 26 and the member is rotated until it reaches its upper position where it is stopped by contact of shoulder I'I with stop 25. The stand ci pipe is then raised so that the threads clear the threads or" the lower joint by exerting a, suitable superatmospheric pressure within column 68 of ycolumn D. The arms A and B may then be swung to move the stand of pipe away from the center line of the derrick and the pipe then may be released by releasing the pressure in cylinder fiii and opening jaw I2. When making up pipe, the stand of pipe to be attached to the drill stem at its lower end engaged within spilt ring con sisting of halves I@ and i5 the jaw member I2 is then latched in position by imposing the desired pressure on cylinder 48 and the stand of pipe is moved byswinging arms A and B until the lower end of the stand is in position to stab the upper end of the drill stem. In this position the release of pressure within column G5 allows the two arms A andB to be lowered until the joint of pipe is stabbed and the prime mover 2 is then used to rotate the joint of pipe. When beginning the spinning operation in making up pipe, the split ring consisting of elements I8 and I5 is in its uppermost position with shoulder I'I in contact with stop 25, and the split ring is rotated until'shoulder I9 engages with stop 23.,

The vjaw I2 may thenbe released by releasing the pressure in cylinder 40, swinging the jaw open and the device then swung clear of the made up joint of pipe by swinging the arm A on hinged joint C and arm B around column D.

It will be evident that the combination of the present application embodiesa number of acl-- vantageous features, The device is arranged to allow the rotation of predetermined number of revolutions and to stop the rotation positively with the members of the combination in iixed position to allow the spinning device to be disengaged from the length of pipe and to be readily engaged with another length of pipe.

The device also provides a means for positively gripping'a length of pipe which allows the pipe to be supported, as by its lower end, and to be moved laterally while the axis of the pipe is Vertical. It will also be seen that the combination is provided with a locking mechanism which positively locks the device to a length of pipe to be rotated by the device but which is simply released a length of pipe through a l9 to allow the device to be disengaged from said pipe.

Having fully described and illustrated the preferred embodiments of the present invention, what I desire to claim as new and useful and to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. A device for rotating a cylindrical body, comprising, in combination, an arm member consisting of a base for mounting a prime mover, anarcuate jaw pivoted to the base, for assuming an open position and a closed position, adjacent portions of the arcuate jaw and the base cooperating to form a cylindrical opening having an interior screw thread on the wall surface thereof when said jaw is in its closed position, a rotating prime-mover mounted on the base, a releasable locking means mounted on the arm holding the jaw member in its closed position, a split ring mounted in said cylindrical opening of the arm, and a screw thread on its outer surface engaging with the screw thread of said arm, to

yallow rotation of the split ring in said arm, an

upper stop member mounted on the upper portion of the arm and extending into said circular opening to engage with and to limit positively the rotational movement of said split ring in one direction, a lower stop member mounted on the lower portion of the arm and extending into said circular opening to engage with and limit positively rotational movement of the split ring in the opposite direction, and a train of gears one of which is integral with the split ring operatively connecting the prime mover with the split rmg.

2. A device in accordance with claim 1 in which an elastic lining is secured to the inner surface of each of the sections of said split ring.

3. A device in accordance with claim 1 in which the split ring denes a tapered seat and in which slip members are mounted on the split ring for cooperation with said tapered seat and in which two sets of springs are mounted on said split ring with one end of each spring of one set in contact with the lower surface of a slip and one end of each spring of the other set in contact with a Wedge surface of a slip.

4. A device in accordance with claim 1 including a second arm member, a hinged joint connecting the second arm member with said arm member, a tubular vertical member secured to the second arm member, an anchoring member and a vertical column having its lower end attached to the anchoring member and its upper portion tting slidably Within said tubular member.

ALBERT L. STONE.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 719,766 Downing Feb. 3, 1903 2,000,221 Dawson May 7, 1935 2,108,971 Olsen et al Feb. 22, 19%38 2,263,267 Franklin Nov. 18, 1941 2,405,757 Rowland Aug. 13, 1946 2,412,875 Crane .1- Dec. 17, 1946 

